Light and Darkness in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues :: Sonnys Blues Essays

shadowy and Darkness in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues In James Baldwins Sonnys Blues the symbolic root of decrepit and darkness illustrates the painful spirit of reality the two characters face as well as the power gained through it. The darkness represents the actuality of life on the streets of the community of Harlem, where there is little bilk from the reality of drugs and crime. The persistent nature of the streets lures adolescents to use drugs as a means of escaping the darkness of their lives. The main character, Sonny, a try jazz musician, finds himself addicted to heroin as a way of unleashing the creativity and artistic ability that lies within him. While using music as a way of creating a sort of mental synthesis in his life, Sonny attempts to step into the light, a life without drugs. The contrasting images of light and darkness, which serve as truth and reality, argon used to depict the struggle amidst Sonny and the cashier in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues. The opening paragraph of the story contains a metaphorical passage I stared at it in the swinging light of the subway car, and in the faces and bodies of the people, and in my own face, trapped in the darkness which roared outside(349). This reference is significant because it is a contrast to the dismal society that the narrator and his brother Sonny live in. The darkness is the portrayal of the community of Harlem that is trapped, in their surroundings by physical, economic, and social barriers. The evident nature of darkness has overcome the occupants of the Harlem community. The narrator, an algebra teacher, observes a depressing similarity between his students and his brother, Sonny. This is true because the narrator is fearful for his students falling into a life of crime and drugs, as did his brother. The narrator notes that the cruel realities of the streets have taken away the possible light from the lives of his brother and his students. The narrator makes an insightful connection between the darkness that Sonny set about and the darkness that the young boys are at once facing. This is illustrated in the following quoteThese boys, now, were living as wed been living then, they were growing up with a rush and their heads bumped shortly against the low ceiling of their actual possibilities.Light and Darkness in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues Sonnys Blues EssaysLight and Darkness in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues In James Baldwins Sonnys Blues the symbolic motif of light and darkness illustrates the painful nature of reality the two characters face as well as the power gained through it. The darkness represents the actuality of life on the streets of the community of Harlem, where there is little escape from the reality of drugs and crime. The persistent nature of the streets lures adolescents to use drugs as a means of escaping the darkness of their lives. The main character, Sonny, a struggling jazz musician, finds himself addicted to heroin as a way of unleashing the creativity and artistic ability that lies within him. While using music as a way of creating a sort of structure in his life, Sonny attempts to step into the light, a life without drugs. The contrasting images of light and darkness, which serve as truth and reality, are used to depict the struggle between Sonny and the narrator in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues. The opening paragraph of the story contains a metaphorical passage I stared at it in the swinging light of the subway car, and in the faces and bodies of the people, and in my own face, trapped in the darkness which roared outside(349). This reference is significant because it is a contrast to the dismal society that the narrator and his brother Sonny live in. The darkness is the portrayal of the community of Harlem that is trapped, in their surroundings by physical, economic, and social barriers. The obvious nature of darkness has overcome the occupants of the Harlem community. The narrator, an alge bra teacher, observes a depressing similarity between his students and his brother, Sonny. This is true because the narrator is fearful for his students falling into a life of crime and drugs, as did his brother. The narrator notes that the cruel realities of the streets have taken away the possible light from the lives of his brother and his students. The narrator makes an insightful connection between the darkness that Sonny faced and the darkness that the young boys are presently facing. This is illustrated in the following quoteThese boys, now, were living as wed been living then, they were growing up with a rush and their heads bumped abruptly against the low ceiling of their actual possibilities.

A Critical Examination Of My Lover In White :: essays research papers

After reading "My Lover in White," for the first time, I thought of a poem written by Shakespeare that seemed to be in some slipway similar in content. The mention of the fair maidens outside the accession and the poets observation that his approve is not with the rest reminds me of Shakespeares Sonnet CXXX. The poem is about the poets love of a woman that is not the most beautiful in equality to most fantasy women she is not perfect, but in his eyes she is all that he could possibly want. It seems that the content of this poem also reflects a devoted love to a maiden that may not be the fairest of them all, however she gives him all the delight he wants "She alone gives me delight". The note at the end of the poem comments that the man praises his lover..., contrasted with beautiful maidens.... This seems to support the insinuation that perhaps his maiden is not of the same entirety as the other dating maidens. The poet does not need anything other than the lo ve he receives from this one maiden. It is possible that the lines that state she is not there outside the gate could be referring to something more typographical error. It could perhaps be literal in the sense that something has happened to her, which is why she is not out there. The note at the bottom of the poem clarifies that the gate in the poem refers to the eastern gate of the cracking of Zheng. The significance of the eastern gate seems to be important to the meaning of the lines, however that importance is unclear to the uninformed reader. The two stanzas of the poem are repetitive nevertheless with subtle differences. It seems common throughout many traditional Chinese poems that the first two lines of each stanza are very much alike and repetitive, while the succeeding(a) lines show more of a distinction. The first line reads "outside the eastern gate," while the first line of the second reads "outside the outer gate". The undermentioned line compares maidens to clouds, while the second line of the second stanza compares them to blooms. The poet uses nature in both stanzas to compare the fairness of the maidens. The fourth lines of each, say in different ways that his love is not where all the other maidens are.

The Lamb vs. The Tyger By William Blake Essay -- essays research paper

In this essay I am going to be looking at two verses from the Songs of innocence and experience works. These poems are The Lamb and The Tyger written by William Blake. Both these poems have many implicit in(p) intends and are vatical in ways and both poems are very different to each other. In this essay I will be analysing the two poems, covering my opinions of the underlying themes and backing them up with quotes from the poems. I will compare the poems looking at the similarities and differences between them and also look at each one individually focal point on the imagery, structure and the poetic devices William Blake has used. Firstly I will look at the Tyger a poem about experience.The first thing that strikes me about this poem is the structure. The poem is very ordered written with 4 lines a stanza and a total of 6 stanzas. This looks like a professional poem created by an adult, showing experience right away. The syllables are normally 7 per line but there are exceptio ns to this rule as all of stanza 5 has 8 syllables a line. The first stanza and the last stanza are nearly the same apart from the last line of each differing by a word. This poem uses many poetic devices closely to create a burnished picture in the readers mind. There are riming couplets, alliteration, repetition, rhetorical questions as well as many biblical and vain references to the artist and poet himself. Now we will look at the poems meanings.The poem at first glance looks to be about a Tyger but after meter reading throughthoroughly a few times we learn that there are many underlying themes and tones to this poem. For example the many biblical references immortal meaning to not die, fire related to hell heaven related to God and wings also relate... ...ast each other well. Both poems use imagery, repetition, alliteration and rhyming and both have many biblical references and rhetorical questions. Although each poem is different in its structure, theme and the way it is written.In conclusion these two poems by William Blake are both deep and have hole-and-corner(a) meanings, they both use imagery, repetition, alliteration and ryming couplets as well as biblical references to create a vivid pictures in the readers head. But these poems do differ in many ways such as the structure, theme and way it is written. The Tyger appeals to me most as it has more hidden meanings than the Lamb and the Lamb is boring and as if written by a child (for effect). In this essay I have analysed, contrasted and compared the two poems The Tyger and The Lamb to the scoop up of my ability detailing the poetic devices used and the underlying meanings.

Wireless Technology Essays -- Internet Computers Essays

piano tuner applied scienceWireless technology is an industry that has seen much growth and work up in the years following the inception of the internet and cell phones. Our society has progressed to the point to where we can no longer function without this technology. Business, travel, and everyday life forthwith are dependant on wireless technology. Wireless technology is just what its name implies, communicating or computing without wires and phone lines. Wireless technology uses a variety of different devices such as desktop and laptop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), cell phones, and many others. The major benefit of wireless technology to users is the straightaway access it offers to resources. Whether it is providing access to your office, the Internet, your business, or just making a phone call while walking down the street, wireless technology provides millions of users with a detail of flexibility that used to be limited by wires. In gener al, wireless technology works a lot like wired technology. The user inputs selective information onto device, connection software translates the entropy into a format for transmission, and transmission protocols determine the method and route the data into a format for transmission. The method and route the data will take is determined by transmission protocols. Once more, connection software re-translates the data into a format that the new user can perceive. Wireless technology is important to business because it makes communication and integration of e-business easier to achieve. Virtualization brings computing power to the consumer when they need it. Grid technology lets us share and manage collections of resources as if they were a large virtualiz... ...s many wireless technologies as possible. In the end, the wireless technologies that will survive will rely on ease of use and affordability. BibliographyWoods, Arthur and Chiu, Charles, (Sept/Oct 2003). Response to Technology in College Classrooms. Retrieved October 25, 2004 from http//ts.mivu.org/default.asp?show=article&id=1045 New to Wireless Technology (n.d.). Retrieved October 25, 2004 from http//www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/wireless/newto/Introduction to Wireless Networking (n.d.). Retrieved October 25, 2004 fromhttp//www.dnjonline.com/articles/mobility/nov02_wireless_networks.aspBluetooth Wireless Technology (n.d.). Retrieved October 25, 2004 from http//www.palmos.com/dev/tech/bluetooth/Wireless LAN (n.d.). Retrieved October 25, 2004 from http//www.wirelessdictionary.com/ wireless fidelity

Comapring Adolescence in A Separate Peace and Alices Adventures in Wonderland :: comparison compare contrast essays

Adolescence in A Separate Peace and Alices Adventures in Wonderland through life, we travel down a yellow brick road, often meters meeting friends and foe, whilst imagine of make our way back home. However, un equal Dorothy, or her friends traveling through Oz, our struggles on this journey as pilgrims to our fate cannot usually be solved by clicking our heels together, look Theres no place like home. Instead, we must find our lost souls and abide them into a new being, oneness with a defined name and role. It is much like purgatory, a time in which one cannot give alms to receive redemption, and where one must make decisions. This journey, our quest for confirmation, is much like that of love in that it is laborious yet cannot be forced into existence. It is difficult to say Then I defy you, stars (5.1.24) when our futures appear to be solidly built, with little room for deviance from the precharted course. It similarly must be accomplished solely as each huma nkind finds out for himself, in his own way, that each man is the world (Saroyan 130). Adolescence is a time during this transit when many disc everyplace where their navigation system is leading them and who they argon to be when they reach that place like a rainbow after the rain (Hansberry 151). This pilgrimage is a difficult journey to attempt, and many are afraid of the mathematical operation or the outcome. As children evolve into adults, there is a loss of innocence. No long-lasting is one able to act in the same manner or perform the same actions instead, as a body falls further into the more(prenominal) mature world, the individual is expected to perform at a higher(prenominal) level and to conform. To lose this innocence is a difficult procedure and often hurts as it leads to loneliness so many try not to fall over the cliff into adulthood, or bite from the tree of knowledge as the serpent tells them to. by and by this experience, many people, like Salinge rs Holden Caulfield, try to protect others from the experience by dreaming of becoming the catcher in the rye. Once thrown over the cliff, a unharmed new world is placed upon a persons shoulders, where one realizes, I knew a lot of things, but I didnt know the half of it, and maybe I never will either.Comapring Adolescence in A Separate Peace and Alices Adventures in Wonderland comparison compare contrast essaysAdolescence in A Separate Peace and Alices Adventures in Wonderland Through life, we travel down a yellow brick road, oftentimes meeting friends and foe, whilst dreaming of making our way back home. However, unlike Dorothy, or her friends traveling through Oz, our struggles on this journey as pilgrims to our fate cannot usually be solved by clicking our heels together, saying Theres no place like home. Instead, we must find our lost souls and confirm them into a new being, one with a defined name and role. It is much like purgatory, a time in which one cannot give alms to receive redemption, and where one must make decisions. This journey, our quest for confirmation, is much like that of love in that it is difficult yet cannot be forced into existence. It is difficult to say Then I defy you, stars (5.1.24) when our futures appear to be solidly built, with little room for deviance from the precharted course. It also must be accomplished solely as each man finds out for himself, in his own way, that each man is the world (Saroyan 130). Adolescence is a time during this pilgrimage when many discover where their navigation system is leading them and who they are to be when they reach that place like a rainbow after the rain (Hansberry 151). This pilgrimage is a difficult journey to attempt, and many are afraid of the process or the outcome. As children evolve into adults, there is a loss of innocence. No longer is one able to act in the same manner or perform the same actions instead, as a body falls further into the more mature world, the individual is expected to perform at a higher level and to conform. To lose this innocence is a difficult procedure and often hurts as it leads to loneliness so many try not to fall over the cliff into adulthood, or bite from the tree of knowledge as the serpent tells them to. After this experience, many people, like Salingers Holden Caulfield, try to protect others from the experience by dreaming of becoming the catcher in the rye. Once thrown over the cliff, a whole new world is placed upon a persons shoulders, where one realizes, I knew a lot of things, but I didnt know the half of it, and maybe I never will either.

Comapring Adolescence in A Separate Peace and Alices Adventures in Wonderland :: comparison compare contrast essays

Adolescence in A Separate public security and Alices Adventures in Wonderland Through life, we travel down a yellow brick road, oftentimes confluence friends and foe, whilst dreaming of making our way back home. However, unlike Dorothy, or her friends travelling through Oz, our struggles on this journey as pilgrims to our fate can non usually be solved by clicking our heels together, submiting Theres no place like home. Instead, we must get under bingles skin our lost souls and confirm them into a new being, one with a defined attain and role. It is much like purgatory, a time in which one cannot split alms to receive redemption, and where one must make decisions. This journey, our quest for confirmation, is much like that of make do in that it is difficult yet cannot be forced into existence. It is difficult to say Then I defy you, stars (5.1.24) when our futures appear to be solidly built, with little means for deviance from the precharted course. It also must be accomplished solely as each man finds out for himself, in his own way, that each man is the orb (Saroyan 130). Adolescence is a time during this pilgrimage when many disc all over where their navigation administration is leading them and who they atomic number 18 to be when they reach that place like a rainbow by and by the rain (Hansberry 151). This pilgrimage is a difficult journey to attempt, and many are afraid of the process or the outcome. As children evolve into adults, there is a passing game of innocence. No longer is one able to act in the same(p) manner or perform the same actions instead, as a body locomote further into the more mature world, the individual is expected to perform at a higher level and to conform. To lose this innocence is a difficult force and often hurts as it leads to loneliness so many try not to fall over the cliff into adulthood, or bite from the tree of knowledge as the serpent tells them to. After this work through, many pe ople, like Salingers Holden Caulfield, try to protect others from the experience by dreaming of becoming the catcher in the rye. Once thrown over the cliff, a whole new world is placed upon a persons shoulders, where one realizes, I knew a lot of things, but I didnt know the half of it, and maybe I never will either.Comapring Adolescence in A Separate Peace and Alices Adventures in Wonderland comparison compare contrast essaysAdolescence in A Separate Peace and Alices Adventures in Wonderland Through life, we travel down a yellow brick road, oftentimes meeting friends and foe, whilst dreaming of making our way back home. However, unlike Dorothy, or her friends traveling through Oz, our struggles on this journey as pilgrims to our fate cannot usually be solved by clicking our heels together, saying Theres no place like home. Instead, we must find our lost souls and confirm them into a new being, one with a defined name and role. It is much like purgatory, a time in w hich one cannot give alms to receive redemption, and where one must make decisions. This journey, our quest for confirmation, is much like that of love in that it is difficult yet cannot be forced into existence. It is difficult to say Then I defy you, stars (5.1.24) when our futures appear to be solidly built, with little room for deviance from the precharted course. It also must be accomplished solely as each man finds out for himself, in his own way, that each man is the world (Saroyan 130). Adolescence is a time during this pilgrimage when many discover where their navigation system is leading them and who they are to be when they reach that place like a rainbow after the rain (Hansberry 151). This pilgrimage is a difficult journey to attempt, and many are afraid of the process or the outcome. As children evolve into adults, there is a loss of innocence. No longer is one able to act in the same manner or perform the same actions instead, as a body falls further into the more mature world, the individual is expected to perform at a higher level and to conform. To lose this innocence is a difficult procedure and often hurts as it leads to loneliness so many try not to fall over the cliff into adulthood, or bite from the tree of knowledge as the serpent tells them to. After this experience, many people, like Salingers Holden Caulfield, try to protect others from the experience by dreaming of becoming the catcher in the rye. Once thrown over the cliff, a whole new world is placed upon a persons shoulders, where one realizes, I knew a lot of things, but I didnt know the half of it, and maybe I never will either.

Looming Economic Crisis in United States

On January 21st and 22nd 2008, world financial markets crashed amidst the fears of American economy slowly are gradually piteous toward recession. The emerging markets world everyplace corrected almost 20 to 30 percent while the developed financial markets of Europe and American corrected over 10-15 percent. At inaugurate the DOW is 20 percent below its July top a signal that financial markets are entering a bear phase. (Landler & Timmons 2008)The paper volition try to shed light on what is looming large on American economy, what are the policy or market failures which are taking the economy into recession, How the present Bush plan of stimulus will impact the scenario in future and will it be good enough to bring the economy back on track.Main contri only whenors to the slowdown of the economyAmerican economy is hit by numerous factors at the same quantify growth slowdown, increasing unemployment numbers, falling retail sales, increasing trade deficit, weakness of vaulting horses, emergence of Euro, housing crisis and failure of financial markets. (Landler & Timmons 2008)Housing Market The housing market has been slowing down for an year today and most presidential candidates are suggesting ways on how American economy can come out this mess. The slowdown in the housing market is ascribable to high default rate on mortgages especially sub-prime mortgages. During the credit expansion time post first Bush tax cuts banks and financial institutions lowered their attention on credit rating and in quest to expand market end up giving housing mortgages to shady borrowers.Another reason why this happened was specie was easy to come and housing market was on uptrend so in case of failure of installment and foreclosure the banks and financial institutes were able to get the money back through increased price of the houses. But after the slowing down of housing markets real estate rates have fallen 5-10 percent in last year only and according to UBS it is expected go down by 15-20 percent more in coming year.increase topic Debt the present national debt is around 9 trillion dollars which accounts for almost 65 percent of the Gross Domestic Product. Such high level of national debt increases the interests on payments significantly and reduces the elbow space of the government in tinkering with the fiscal policy.In the past America able to finance its debt by weakening the dollar tho now with emergence of Euro it has become increasing difficult to export the national debt to foreign institutions and countries which in past are happy to maintain huge dollar reserves. (Kjeldsen, 2002)Increasing Trade Deficit The profitability of American companies have grown over the past half a decade but the trade deficit hasnt come down. The main reason for it is off-shoring and outsourcing. American companies are making the most of low cost manufacturing and services in countries like China and India to lift their bottomline.Low level of saving rates In response to the main reason for credit card default rate one women respondent on CNBC summed up the saving rate of Americans we all like to buy things, we all love to travel and we dont want to wait for it. This culture of tractile money spending today paying later has brought down saving rates to alarming levels and it can significantly hamper the investment in the economy.Increasing dissimilitude among Americans the last tax cuts provided immense benefits to the rich Americans and increased the income gap between the rich nation and poor nation. Hurricane Katrina exposed the underbelly of this growing inequality in the country and it will take years of corrective actions.Financial Markets crash America is financial market sensitive country by that it fashion that the wealth effect among American can be reflected by the state of the financial markets as more than 80 percent of the population invest in the financial markets. This has let the consumer sentiments down which is resulting in lowering retail sales and subsequently lowering employment generation. (Landler & Timmons 2008)chairwoman Bush Stimulus PlanPresident Bush has passed the stimulus plan of 168 billion into law, the stimulus plan will ensure money in the hand of real consumers in short time which will help in keeping the economy afloat by not letting the demand go drastically down. In the long scat along with the tax cuts and stimulus plan the economy will able to get new investments which can bolster production and employment opportunities.The stimulus computer software will start providing tax cuts after May and before that it provide a one time rebate of 600 dollars for the individual and 1200 for couple and an additional three hundred dollar each for a child in the family. (MSNBC, 2008)The stimulus plan may be a step in right direction but the challenges the economy is facing are fundamental one. With high oil prices and fears of inflation the tax cuts may end up fuelling the inflation in the economy resulting in more import of cheap products from countries like China which is maintaining fixed exchange rates.ConclusionAt present the economy is looking down the barrel and there is a very slim chance that it will escape recession and more importantly a growth slowing down in succeeding(a) 2-3 years. America is fast graying and productivity going down with increasing health costs, the times seems to be certainly tough in future. The one ray of trust is creating of jobs by investing in new technologies which America is historically good at.ReferencesKjeldsen-Kragh, Soeren. (2002) International Economics. Copenhagen, , DNK Copenhagen Business School Press, 2002.Mark Landler and Heather Timmons (2008) Stocks Plunge Worldwide on Fears of a U.S. Recession. Retrieved on 17th Feb from http//www.nytimes.com/2008/01/21/business/22stox-web.html?_r=1&hp&oref=sloginMSNBC (2008) Bush signs stimulus package into law. Retrieved on 17th Feb from http//www.msnbc.msn .com/id/23143814http//www.trb.org/publications/millennium/00138.pdf

Women and Enlightenment within the Jain Religion

Jainist holiness is of Indian orientation and involves redisc all(prenominal)whereing the Dharma, which is a persons virtuous path or righteous duty. Dharma is a concept used when explaining ultimate reality or higher truth in the universe. Jains argon slew who follow Tirthankaras teachings, and there are twenty 4 special Jinas. The Jain religion inspires people to be spiritually developed done enhancing their self control and personal wisdom. The important tendency of this religion is to realize the true nature of the soul. There are three gems to Jainism, and they are the conduct, knowledge as well as the right and true cognition.Jainism aims at liberating the followers from universal cycles of birth and death. The liberated followers are called siddha, and the ones struggling to be liberated are called samsarin. The samsarins make believe to follow teachings of Jinas in order to sire siddha, through attaining Moksha, which is the liberation from karma. Jainism teaches t hat Dharma and the Universe confine no ending and beginning but encounters cyclical changes. The worldly soul (samsarin) is seen to busy various blueprints that include whole kit and boodle and animal form, human being, hell being and deity.It is different from most religions due to the circumstance that it does not believe in God or a overlord creator, destroyer or preserver. It believes that every soul has potential to be divine and that Siddhas who eliminate karmic bonding completely, are seen to either be close to or have achieved consciousness of God . History. The earliest documented premiseer of Jainism is Parshvanatha, who is said by scholars to have lived during the 9th Century. During the 6th Century, Vardhamana was regarded as a very influential Jainism teacher .He had followers who followed his teachings and doctrines. They as well interacted with him so that they could achieve enlightenment. His followers called him Jina, which refers to conqueror. Kalinga, which in the modern day is Osiaji and Orissa, had many Jains who lived there. This faith was briefly disrupted by Mahapadma, who conquered the place and took Rishabhanathas statue. However, Kharvela who was an emperor, conquered Magatha, fetching the statue of Rishabhanatha. Udaygiri and Khandagiri caves are the solo remnants of Jain monuments since the wood buildings were destroyed.Jainism is a dominant philosophical, cultural, political and tender force in Asia since civilization. It has influence in Hinduism and Buddhism since the ancient history. There is a close association between Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The connection between Buddhism and Jainism traces its roots to the origins of Buddhism, since Jainism was prevailing at the time . Hinduism on the opposite hand shares certain common philosophies with some(prenominal) Jain religious orders. Laity in Jainism performed roles that were very similar to those performed by monks including religious privileges and duties, w hich served to unite the two religions.This ensured that they did not change for many centuries, though the accompaniment that Buddhism had lesser demands for laymen, made it change several times. Jainism is one of smallest religions in the world since it has slightly over 10 million followers. However, the event that these followers are distributed all over India, makes the religion signifi so-and-sot. Other Jain communities are concentrated in United kingdom, the United States, East Africa and Canada. Digambara and Svetambara traditions. The Jain sangha, which encompasses monks, laymen and women, and nuns, is split between two major sects called the Digambara and the Svetambara sects.It is believed by historians that the split occurred in 5th Century after the chief monk Bhadrabahu led over 10,000 Digambara followers into South India after foreseeing famine. After a go of being away, they returned and broke away from the Svetambara sect . However, there are minimal differences between the sects. Digambara monks believe that clothing leads to dependence on material possessions and therefore they do not fag out them. On the other hand, Svetambara monks wear seamless white clothes, since Jain scripture does not forbid the use of clothing .Jain organization. superstar of the factors that led to the existence of this community from the ancient to the modern times is its organization. Initially, there were four human bodyes in society which were said to have originated from the arms, feet, thighs and mouth of Brahman, their creator. They were the Rajanya, Sudra, Vaisya and Brahman. The Brahman was the premium class of all the classes. These classes had different rules that governed each of them. The Brahmin class was given unusual importance and other classes were neglected, which made the classes develop rivalry.There was also frequent social discrimination and inequality due to the presence of these classes. This made Mahavira oppose the groupings and la ter Jaina Archaryas also joined in the opposition. Soon the society was divided into four groups, but based on activities that the people carried out. The four groups were the male asceticals or Sadhus, the female ascetics or Sadhvis, the male laity or Shravakas and the female laity or Shravikas. These groups have close relations and have similar religious vows that are applicable to them.They made everyone have equal opportunities regardless of their birth or class and they were complimentary to change classes with choice, unlike before. The people who wished to follow the religion while still living in households were referred to as sravikas and sravakas, if they were females and males one by one. Those who chose to leave the households and become ascetics were referred to as sadhvis and sadhus if they were females and males respectively. The classes evince on behavior modes and individual character and no one was degraded or neglected as they could do professions of their cho ice.Womens religious emancipation. Before the introduction of Jainism, women were regarded as Sudras, the lowest social class. Women were barred from undertaking investment and initiation in religious passages. They were also seen to be irrelevant to religious threads which were sacred. According to passages of the past, people were discouraged from seeing women, dead bodies and Sudras among other things. This shows that they were taken to be a curse, which could be equated to a dead body. They were degraded and neglected by the society and they had no religious role to play in society.Tirthankra Mahavira changed all this by treating females and males equally. Regarding religion, he made sure that the rules that regulated the conduct of both sexes were the same, and both had equal opportunities to exercise religious duties, read sacred texts, practice penance, vratas among other practices. Women were also given equal chances with men regarding the entrance to the ascetic order. He ensured that females were free to join the ascetic order regardless of whether candidates who were being admitted were aristocracy members, societal common run or royal consorts.This led to many women joining the ascetic order. For instance, in Tirthankara the figures for sadhus and sadhvis were 14,000 and 36,000 respectively and those for Sravaks and Sravikas were 100,000 and 300,000 respectively. This shows that the number of women was more than that of men in cases of both ascetics and householders. This reflects the eagerness that women had in using the fortune to learn about religion. In fact, Jydesta and Chandana both of who were queen Trisaladevis younger sisters, Mahaviras mother and their uncles wife, Yasasvati entered the Mahaviras ascetic order.In the long run, Chandana became the female ascetic leader, which showed that women had an equal opportunity to make high achievements. Most of them became preachers and teachers due to these opportunities. Jain ascetism. Ascetis m in Jainism involves renouncing possessions and materials. Jain ascetics do not also participate in any violence whatsoever. They do not hurt any insect or human and direct special brooms that brush off any insects that they encounter. Some even wear protection over their mouths so that they can avoid hurting insects or germs accidentally.They do not also use devices, machines or electricity since they perceive it to be violence. Jain ascetics always travel barefoot, sleep on floors without coverings, and use certain platforms for sitting. These ascetics only eat vegetarian diet that does not include roots. Some ascetics meditate on hill tops or around rivers according to the mental and physical limits of the ascetics. Jain ascetics are celibate and they do not share platforms or touch. They also move from place to place to prevent becoming attached to a grouchy place.When ascetics feel that death is imminent, such as when having terminal illness or advanced ages, most of them pr efer a detached and peaceful death where water, food and medicine are abandoned. Shvetambara and Digambara ascetics. The monks in Schetambara sect solicit for alms from people in households and do not cook food. It is however important to note that they do not beg for it they accept food only from people whose mind is pure and when such food is offered willingly and in the right manner. In such circumstances, the monks chow chow a measly amount while standing.Monks and nuns in this cult only own a bowl used for collecting alms and eating, and white robes. Meanwhile, those in the Digambara sect eat one meal each day. The male monks in this sect walk nude and only carry soft brooms (pinchi), which are made from feathers of peacocks and a water jug. Nuns however dress in white robes. They also do not use utensils when eating, and they use their hands. Their mental picture teaches them that Mahavir was unmarried, unlike the Shvetambars. Women enlightenment. Jainism to a large effect treated women using similar good codes as men.The ethical codes used involve five virtues that speak against various vices. These codes are SATYA, which advocates for truth, AHIMSA which advocates for non-violence, ACHAURYA which advocates for non-stealing, APARIGRAH which advocates for non-possessiveness and BRAHMACHARYA which advocates for the purity of the mind and body. These ethical codes are equally applicable for both men and women. Jainism taught both women and men to help each other and perform common roles. These roles were geared towards preserving the environment and astir(p) welfare of mankind.Both women and men were also responsible for their moral conduct. Due to the biological differences between women and men, together with societys gender stereotyping, roles for women and men differed in the cultural and social setup. This was not meant to be discriminatory, since Jainism vox populied women and men equally in terms of concern for welfare of their families and c hildren, and also in terms of playing of their roles. The inherent change in the patriarchal society does not undermine Jainisms view of equality between the sexes.Jainism even had some nuns who were included in the religious practice, since the inception of this religion. However, some questions have been raised about equality between women and men regarding the issue of spirituality in Jainism. Some people of the view that there is inequality when it comes to spirituality, since women are hindered from suppuration spiritually and religiously due to the fact that they are female. Some people even went to the extent of perceiving women to be impure due to their femininity. Further evidence of this perception is given by the culture of the Digambara sect.This sect does not believe that a woman can achieve Moksha, or liberation from Karma, during the same birth. This is explained by the fact that in the Digambara sect, asceticism requires one to be nude, which is impractical in the r eal world as it would expose them to rape and attacks by men. This is also due to the fact that Jainism does not take women to appear naked. There is also the belief that a woman cannot attain the level of siddha. This is because they are perceived to be unable to lead a true ascetic lifestyle since they are prohibited from being nude, yet Digambaras perceive clothing as worldly possessions.The fact that women could not free themselves from the bondage of clothing was perceived to mean that they could not be free of fear and shame that arose from their nakedness. Some women, in their quest to achieve enlightenment, are of the view that they should original move out of the female form. Thereafter, they should move towards the form of God after which they can take the male form. After attaining the male form, they can now be able to attain kaivalya. Inequality between male and female enlightenment.Some scholars, are of the view that the real reason why women cannot achieve the highe st level of enlightenment is not limited to their clothing. He says that in most religions, including the Digambaras sect, women are perceived to represent the transient and illusory material world (maya), that the religion seeks to renounce. This perception can be attributed to the fact that society has a form of gynophobia. The perception is also rooted to bodily processes and sexuality that that women experience, such as reproduction and current.In fact, Yuktiprabodha summarized the Digambar sects view on the issue by saying that the female species have impure bodies, which is shown by menstruation, each month. They view menstruation as a form of destroying organisms which goes against their belief . The union of males and females is seen to also destroy organisms in female reproductive parts. Sexual intercourse is compared with insertion of a hot iron rod to a prod tube which has sesame seeds, thereby destroying them. Another Jain ascetic, Rajcandra also said that everything t hat resides in the body of a woman is contemptuous.He continued to say that joyousness derived from them is momentary and causes repeated excitement and exhaustion. Women are also viewed as temptations and snares for men who are in pursuit of spirituality. Another reason that women were not given the opportunity in the Digambarans sect lies with the fact that they viewed the role of women as restricted to household duties. This was viewed as the religious and moral duty of women. Actions of women are viewed as primarily to take care of the welfare of the household, husband, kin and assist him in performing duties to deities and ancestors.For instance, the smtiris and Dharmashastras believe that women attain salvation through performance of motherly and wifely duties. There is a further view that renunciation of these roles by women seeking to achieve Moksha would mean that the capacity of women to reproduce would be altered. This would disrupt sansaras normative order. These are re asons that made women nuns be given subordinate roles when compared with the monks. These practices are shared not only in Jainism but also in other religions like Buddhism.Buddha was also reluctant to allow women to enter the samgha, and Buddhist literature portrayed nuns in negative light, in comparison to lay women. Generally, it is difficult for women to become enlightened since their bodies are perceived to be a focus of sexual desire and violence. Asceticism is thus taken to be masculine and defines retention of semen as one of its components. This is achieved through unyielding training and self control. In women, it is achieved through abstinence and fasting. Svembatara sect. Svetambara sect on the other hand believes that it is possible for women to achieve the level of Moksha.This is supported by the fact that sadhus are allowed to wear clothing, which means that women are not discriminated against . Though some Svetambaras view women as inferior to them, most of them do not. In fact, Mallinath who was a Tirthankar was in reality female, according to Svetambara, though Digambara perceive Mallinath as male. Other influential female religious leaders were Rishabhas mother Marudevi and Mahaviras mother Trishala. There have also been allegations that monks in both sects have lesser restrictions than nuns.The role of women is however still significant, since evidence shows that the number of female ascetics is greater than that of males. There is also additional evidence that shows of other roles that they played, especially for lay-women. The lay-women for instance had important roles of transmitting values to their families. They also had the responsibility of preparation of food and offering it as alms to ascetics. They had a role to play in religion with evidence showing that they chanted and sung religious hymns. Finally, they used to narrate Jain stories to children. Conclusion.Jain religion has been seen to aim for spiritual growth through detach ment from earthly possessions and living a life that helps mankind and protects the environment. Jain been seen to provide freedom to its followers to either leave their households and dedicate their lives to serving the religion or to undertake the same while doing their daily day to day activities. It has been seen to avoid violence to any being, both humans, animals or insects. Jainism has also been seen to be circus to all sexes, providing them with an equal opportunity to participate in religion regardless of their class in society.However, the level of enlightenment for women in the two sects is slightly different. The main reason for this difference originates from material possessions and clothing. Digambarans have been seen to be particularly restrictive of womens participation in religion and their reach of the level of Moksha, since they perceive that the fact that they wear clothing is a hindrance to their attaining purity. This has also been seen to be an excuse for ot her underlying issues relating to the female bodies. Menstruation and reproduction have been seen to be a form of violence and desire that Jainism faith is against .The perception that violence originates from bodies of women makes them unfit for achieving moksha. On the other hand, Svetambaras are seen to be more accommodating to women in religion, since they recognize that Jain teachings do not hinder anyone from wearing clothing. Other differences between the sects are seen to be minor, except the fact that they differ in the assertion that Mahavir was married and also the origins of his mother. The two sects are seen to be similar in their detachment from earthly possessions and their commitment in the Jain teachings.In my opinion, Jain faith as such(prenominal) as possible to be fair to women, and accord them equal chances to be ascetics, as men. However, the Digambarans are quite unfair to women, since the nature of their bodies is beyond their control. In menstruation makes women impure, questions can be raised on the body processes of removing waste, from both sexes. The Digambarans should be more accommodative to women and allow them too have a chance of attaining moksha, since every human being came from a womans womb.

Managing Teams

The behavioral psychology of a modern man is that only as the individual joins with his fellows in groups and organizations can he hope to control the political, economic, and social forces that threaten his individual freedom (Hersey, 1996, p. 359).One of the realities of organizational behavior is that we have to decease in and with problem-solving groups in order to accomplish our aspirations. No matter how much individual value is emphasized, almost all of the goals can only be achieved in a group. It is therefore important to apply behavioral science principals and concepts to managing teams more effectively.Creating and managing teams in the workplace can lead to effective outcomes. Teams (formal work groups) are more and more viewed as productivity engines and just like engines, they require constant care and maintenance (Dumaine, 1994 pp. 86-92). Organizations that are willing to invest in matching the right theatrical role of team to the right situation are getting very h igh returns on their investments. Success in managing teams depends upon clear and decisive executive management, vision, training as well as involvement of cross-functional group of employees (Hersey, 1996, p. 360). According to Brian Dumaine, there are five types of teamsProblem-Solving Teams Identify and attack a problem and then disband. Management Teams coordinate work from different departments and functions. Work Teams These are self-managed teams doing daily work. Virtual Teams They accelerate and use high technology communications to exchange ideas and roles. Quality Circles Groups They consist of workers and supervisors who tally periodically to address problems. Managing a Productive TeamSuccess in creating a productive team also depends upon the way the teams are put unitedly and how they draw on their experiences. It also depends on how the team is designed.Teams that learned new procedures quickly share three essential characters. They were designed for learning thei r leaders frame in challenges in such a way that team members were highly motivated to learn and the leaders behavior created an environment of psychological safety that fostered communication and innovation. Another unfavourable aspect of team designing was the extent to which substitution is permitted. For that leaders need to modernize conditions for team members such as establishing open communication and developing avow a sense of camaraderie.Executive management team can also dilute the complexity of surrounding strategic issues by giving more ripe analyses and comprehensive solutions as well as establishing an appropriate atmosphere for the team because perceptions become reality, understand and manage them investigate the gaps between perceptions and reality and act resolutely to correct gross misperceptions. As Douglas K. Smith suggests, in the end, the wisdom of teams is within the team itself. It is not in creating the high performance organization, managing transfo rmational change, enforcing corporate performance ethics, or inspiring new dimensions of leadership. It is in a small group of people so committed to something larger than them that they will not be denied (Ward, 2007, pp. 85-90).It is important to develop teams of people (human resource) to fulfill goals and objectives according to a companys entrepreneurial vision. The internal environment of any organization would favor and encourage corporate team building policies, a complete corporate culture and values to achieve organizational goals and vision.ReferencesCreating and Managing Teams from organizationaldynamics.comhttp//sloanreview.mit.edu/x/48313 John R. Katzenbach and Douglas K. Smith, The Wisdom of Teams.

Animal Farm Essay

The fabrication brute Farm was cleverly written by George Orwell to make fun of the Russian political relation. Orwell do all of the events in the book relate to an event during the Russian revolution. The rebellion in George Orwells Animal Farm represents the Russian revolution during the reign of Joseph Stalin. This impudent is an allegory that can be taken as a childrens book or a book with a serious political opinion. George Orwell was innate(p) in India in 1903 to the name Eric Arthur Blair. He was a very opinionated man who despised political lying. Orwell strongly believed in a form of government called socialism. He moved to England an attended Eton college. Shortly after, he moved back to India and joined the Indian Imperial Police for five years. After doing a concoction of jobs around France he started to write articles until beginning to write his books.In the sources I used the definition of the Russian Revolution is Russian Revolution, violent upheaval in Russia i n 1917 that overthrew the czars government. In the impertinent the rebellion of the animals was a violent upheaval on Manor Farm that overthrew Mr. Jones. Orwells point in writing this novel was to show the stupidity and flaws of the Russian government and the stupidity of the events that took place in the time period of the rise of communism. The main events that happen in the novel go word for word to what major events took place during Porter 2the rise of Joseph Stalin. In the Russian Revolution Joseph Stalin took the words of the beloved Karl Marks and used them to take a shit power for his own doing. The same thing happened in Animal Farm when Napoleon used the words of Old Major to start his own Revolution. George Orwells Animal Farm is a story about rebellion. The farm animals rebel against Mr. Jones, the farm owner, because of neglect. When the animals chase out Mr. and Mrs. Jones, the animals immediately rejoice. The pigs gain control of the farm. They soon leave the rea l meaning of Animalism and the other animals cannot tell the difference between the humans and the pigs. Orwells Animal Farm parallels the characters, events, and socialism of the Russian Revolution. The characters in Animal Farm favor the main personalities of the Russian Revolution. Mr. Jones is a reflection of Czar Nicholas II, who lost control of his reign by rapid industrialization. The rebellion in the novel mirrors the Russian revolution.The windmill is a symbol for Stalins Five-Year plan. Just a windmill was promised to make the animals life easier. The Five-Year Plan was supposed to better Soviet industry to the point that the peoples life would be made easier. Stalin also thought that the Five Year Plan would increase action and allow the soviets to shorten the workweek. And just like the windmill, and Stalins plan was an utter failure. After the destruction of the Windmill, the Animals heady to build another one. Just like how Stalin unploughed churning out new Five-ye ar Plans. Always promising that each new plan would solve all of Russias problems. The same as Porter 3when Napoleon kept on making up plans that would benefit him in the long run.It all started when the hens refused to give their eggs up to the pigs. Napoleon then decided to starve them until they change their minds. Several of the hens die, and the rest simply give up. Soon after, Napoleon calls a general meeting. The dogs drag out several(prenominal) pigs. The pigs confess that they were working with Snowball and Mr. Frederick, and a moment later the dogs tear their throats out. After that, the same thing happens with the surviving hens from the rebellion. At the end, there is a voltaic pile of corpses by Napoleons feet. What we have here is a nightmare that mirrors to the Great Purge. The Great Purge took place between 1936 and 1938. Working to eliminate every last speck of the people Stalin had executed or sent to Gulag labor camps. Many of those who died, died because they c laimed association with Leon Trotsky. Estimates of how many died in the purges ranges from about 500,000 up to 2 million. Stalin and Napoleon were evil men.Orwell was a very clever man. He had a lot of ideas on how government should be run. He also was a very talented writer. Using those skills he crafted the novel our class read Animal Farm. This novel could be read at an elementary level or at a high naturalise level with a huge political perspective. Orwell cleverly used the story of animals taking over a farm to make fun of the communist government. In doing so he included the events as told in my past paragraphs. The Russian Revolution, Stalins Five-Year Plan, and The Great Purge. All events secretly mentioned in the form of a childrens fable. Orwell was truly a clever man.

Organisational Behaviour Ch7

CHAPTER 7 DECISION MAKING AND CREATIVITY Describe the vi stages in the rational choice end process Decision making the conscious process of making choices among elections with the intention of moving toward some desired call down of affairs. Rational choice paradigm of decision making the view in decision making that throng should and typically do, use logic and all operable randomness to choose the alternative with the highest value. Decision making involves identifying, selecting and applying the best possible alternative.The best decision use pure logic and all available selective informationrmationrmation to choose the alternative with the highest value Such as highest expected profit, customer satisf satisfy, employee wellbeing or some combination of these outcomes. Subjective expected utility the hazard (expectation) of satisfaction (utility) resulting from choosing a specific alternative in a decision. Decision making process systematic application of stages of decis ion making. 1. Identify puzzle or opportunity 2. Choose the best decision process 3. Develop alternative solutions 4. Choose the best alternative . Implement the selected option 6. Evaluate decision outcomes enigma with Rational choice paradigm 1. Impossible to apply in reality 2. Difficulty recognising problems 3. Process the huge volume of information 4. Difficulty recognising when choices have failed 5. counselling on crystal clear thinking, ignores emotion influence making decision IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES Explain why people have difficulty with it Problem identification is not sightly the first step in decision making it is the most important There are five most widely recognised concerns.Stakeholder framing attention-based hypothesis of the firm states that, organisational decisions and actions are influenced mainly by what attracts managements attention, rather than by objective reality. Mental mode if an idea does not fit the quick mental mode of how thi ngs should mildew, the idea is dismissed as unworkable or undesirable. Decisive leadership being decisive includes quickly forming an opinion of whether an event signals problem or opportunity.Many decisions happens too quickly before having a chance to logically assess the situation, to a greater extent often it is a poorer decision than would result if to a greater extent time had been devoted to identify the problem and evaluating the alternatives. Solution-focused problems decision makers engage in solution-focused problem identification because it provides comforting closure to the primaeval(a)wise ambiguous and uncertain constitution of problems. perceptual defence people sometimes block out bad news as a coping mechanism. Some people inherently subdue negative information.People are more worryly to disregard danger signals when they have limited control over the situation. Identifying problems and opportunities more effectively * Be aware of the 5 problem identificatio n biases * Increase awareness of problem identification, need willpower to resist the temptation of looking decisive * Create a norm of divine discontent * Discussing the situation with others to ease difficulty EVALUATING AND CHOOSING ALTERNATIVES Explain why people do not follow the rational choice model when evaluating alternative choicesBounded rationality the view that people are process limited and imperfect information and rarely select the best choice. Problem with goals assumes that organisational goals are collect and agreed on. Goals are often ambiguous or in conflict with each other. Problem with information processing assumes that decision makers can process info about all alternatives and in their consequences, but it is not possible in reality. Implicit favourite preferred alternative that the decision maker uses repeatedly as a comparison with other choices. iased decision heuristics key element of rational choice paradigm, as people can estimate the probabilities of outcomes. 1. Anchoring and adjustment heuristic people to be influenced by an initial anchor point such that they do not sufficiently move away from that point as new info is provided. Initial info influences evaluation of subsequent info 2. Availability heuristic we estimate probabilities by how easily we can recall the event, even though other factors influence it. 3.Representativeness heuristic we estimate probabilities by how much they are similar to something else, even when better information available. Problem with maximisation people engage in satisficing, selecting an alternative that is good enough rather than the alternative with the highest value. To choose the best alternative is also demand more info processing capacity than what they unbidden to apply. Making the best choice among many, can be cognitively and emotionally draining. Evaluating opportunities opportunity is different from the process of problem solving.Decision makers not prize alternatives, later a ll, the opportunity is the solution, so why look further, they tend to have an emotional attachment to the opportunity. EMOTIONS AND MAKING CHOICES Describe 3 ways in which emotions influences the selection of alternatives 1. Emotions from early preferences emotions form preferences before we consciously evaluate those choices 2. Emotions change the decision evaluation process moods and emotions influence how well we follow the decision process. . Emotions serve as info when we evaluate alternatives we listen in on our emotions and use that info to make choices Intuitive decision making ability to know when a problem or opportunity exist and select the best action without conscious reasoning. * Gut feelings we experience are emotional signals that have enough intensity to make us aware * Not all emotional signals are intuitions * Intuitions are involves rapidly comparing nonconscious analysis Making choices more effective Systematically evaluate alternatives against relevant factors * Be aware of effects of emotions on decision preferences and evaluating process * Scenario planning imagining possible future, choosing the best possible solution long before they come in Evaluating decision outcomes confirmation bias known as post-decisional justification * Forget or downplay the negative features of selected alternative and highlight the positive features * Typically nonconscious and driven by emotions * Gives people an excessively optimistic evaluation of their decisionEscalation of Commitment the tendency to repeat an apparently bad decision or apportion more resources to a falling course of action 4 main causes of escalation 1. Self-justification individuals motivated maintain course of action when need to justify their action 2. Prospect theory effect a natural tendency to feel more dissatisfaction from losing a particular amount than satisfaction from gaining an equal amount 3. Perceptual blinders occurs because decision makers do not see the problems soo n enough, they screen out or explain away negative information, serious problems looks like random errors 4. shutting costs decision makers will because the cost of ending the project are high or unknown Evaluating decision outcomes more effectively * Separate decision makers from evaluators to minimise self-justification * Establish a preset level to abandon or re-evaluate the project * Find a source of systematic and clear feedback * remove several people in the evaluation EMPLOYEE INVOLVMENT IN DECISION MAKING Describe benefits of employee familiarity in decision making Employee involvement when employees influence how their work is organised and carried out Benefits improves quality and commitment recognising problem more quicker defining problem more accurately improve solutions generated specific conditions improves the evaluation of alternatives Contingencies of employee involvement Identify four option thet affect the optimal level of employee involvement 1. Decision s tructure decision can be programmed and non-programmed, programmed decision need less(prenominal) involvement, because solution is already worked out from past incidents 2. Source of decision knowledge employee have relevant knowledge than leaders, it is improves decision quality 3.Decision commitment partnership is improving employee commitment 4. Risk of conflict employee goals and norms conflict with the organisations goals, whether employees will reach agreement on the preferred solution CREATIVITY analysis the four steps in creative process Creativity the development of original ideas that make a socially recognised contribution Rely on to find problems, alternatives and implement solutions Creative process 1. Preparation person or team effort to gain knowledge and skills regarding the problem or opportunity, clear ground of what we are trying to achieve 2.Incubation the period of reflective thoughts, put the problem aside, however our mind is still working on it, maintain a low level of awarenessdivergent thinking reframing the problem and generating different approaches to the issue convergent thinking calculating the accepted right answer to logical problem 3. Insight refers to experience of suddenly becoming aware of a unique idea CHARACTERISTICS OF CREATIVE PEOPLE Describe the characteristics of creative employee and workplaces that support creative thinking 1.Cognitive and practical intelligence creative people recognise the significance of small bits of information and are able to connect them in ways like no one else could imagine, they also have practical intelligence, the capacity to evaluate the potential usefulness of their ideas 2. Persistence higher need for achievement, a strong penury from the task itself and a moderate or high degree of self-esteem, persistence is vital because creative ideas meet with plenty of resistance from others as well as failures along the way to success 3.Subject knowledge and experience creative people have sufficient knowledge and experience on subject 4. free-living imagination -high openness to experience, moderately low need for affiliation, high self-direction stimulation values Creative work environment * Learning orientation leaders recognise that employees make reasonable mistakes as part of the creative process, and need to tolerate creativity comes from failure * Work motivation employees can be more creative if they believe their work. Benefit the organisation * Open communication and sufficient resources Activities that encourage creativity

Nigeria Labor Practices and Policies

For the past eld the company has been experiencing hampered development in price of production and distribution of our article of clothing root. This slow setback has been seen as a result of inadequate marketing railing against exposure and product brand recall. Erroneous decisions in market lay have also been some of the factors that resulted to poor outcome thus hindering the companys gain for profit. This paper is ge bed towards exploring new avenues with regards to new locations in the clothing line market.We would try to investigate three referred locations in countries in Latin America and Africa, namely Bolivia, Sri Lanka and Nigeria. As divide of our initial recommendation, this paper would be focusing its commencement part of the report to the country area of Nigeria. Based on preliminary investigation done, Nigeria is world viewed as the most conducive and most advantageous among the three countries in this case study. All of the necessary issues and concerns wo uld be tackled and be briefly discussed on the foregoing items.Like any other(a) sovereign country, cranch policies in Nigeria are being controlled and monitored by the government. Labor union practices are allowed by the state, as part of the international community, Nigeria has signed and ratified the International Labor Organizations (ILO) convention on freedom of association and the creation of labor union. however, prior (military) rulers recognized a single telephone exchange labor body, the Nigerian Labor Congress (NLC), thereby de-legitimizing other unions.Except for members of the armed forces and selected employees essential by the government, Nigerian workers in all trains may join trade unions and strike. Employees essential to government operations include firefighters, police, employees of the central bank, the security printers (printers of currency, passports, and government forms), and customs and excise staff. Collective bargaining is widespread in many sectors of the economy. Nigerian law specifically the Nigerian Industrial Courts, an main(a) arm of the judiciary protects workers from retaliation by employers for labor activity.In terms of the protection of Nigerian Children against child labor, Nigerias 1974 labor decree prohibits employment of children under 15 long time of age in commerce and industry and restricts other child labor to home-based agricultural or domestic work. The law further stipulates that no somebody under the age of 16 may be employed for more than eight hours per day. The decree allows the apprenticeship of youths under specific conditions Labor laws in Nigeria also impose strict compliance on the safety of its workers.Just compensation for injured workers and dependent survivors of those killed in industrial accidents are rigorously being imposed on employers. Cultural Attitude Towards Women and Children As in many socialally various countries, womens role in Nigeria is based on ethnic and regional differen ces. Majority of the Nigerian women that are equable secluded under Islamic beliefs and principles are commonly less educated and sometimes hindered from formal education. Most of urban Nigerian Women are working as stall vendors operating small stalls.Even in elite families of the society, Nigerian womens presence in social gatherings and other functions are each non-existent or very controlled. However, in contemporary times Nigerian womens presence in modern society is rising but is appease a massive foreseeable future for Nigerian womens role in a country dominated by the principles of old of the male gender. Children are treated as a part of the minority of the society. As mentioned on labor laws being enforced by the government, children are allowed to work providing they are not below 16 years old.In western nations the legal working age of children or minors are 18 and above, this fact just shows that opportunities for children to work is open at a younger age in Nigeria . At present, Nigerian fashion is great(p)ly influenced by both Nigerian ethnic culture and western influence. The presence of diverse style in terms of influences has come a long way in Nigerian fashion. Many noted personalities in the country evolved as trope in the Nigerian fashion industry, many of them have international recognition.Nigeria has designers like Maufechi, Divine, Monami, Kess Jabari, Meggito to mention a few. The presence of Nollywood, the cinematic center of Nigeria similar to that of Hollywood serves as a typical role model to the subsisting fashion statements in Nigeria. Opral Benson, an African fashion designer par excellence describes fashion as form is continuously changing. You cannot compare the fashions of these days.. Fashion is something which is local, national and international.In short, fashion all over the world is a quite dynamic phenomenon. Fashion trends evolves from ethnic to modern styles, rejuvenating the fashion of early years in Africa t owards the influences from Europe and Western countries specifically Afro-American fashion statements from the US. Famous brands from western designers like Versace and Tommy Hill Figger is this instant being adored by upper class society in Nigeria, thus only proving that blends in fashion is striving gracefully in the country. Nigeria being the most populated country in the African Continent is considered as a third world developing country.Its people are ethnically dissever and have some 250 ethnic groups, with varying languages and customs, creating a country of rich diversity. According to Country Studies, US About 70 percent of all Nigerians were still living in farming villages in 1990, although the rural dwellers formed a shrinking proportion of the later force. It was among these people that ways of life remained deeply invariable with the past. Nigerian economy is at its recovery and development stage and is presently undergoing massive reforms to uplift the countries economic stand.The importance of formal education has been one of the first concerns of the Nigerian Federal Republic and has become the largest social program of the government. At present more than 47% of the age group of 5 to 14 years old have attended original to vicarious schools. The secondary level age-group (ages fifteen to twenty- four) represented approximately 16 percent of the entire population in 1985. English is the official mode of instruction above the secondary level of education. Federal Republic is the form of government of Nigeria.Historically, Nigeria re-achieved democracy in 1999 after a sixteen-year-long interruption by a corrupt and brutal series of military dictators and counter-coups. Corruption is still one of the worse problems that the government is facing. Nevertheless and as evermore in a third world government, new reforms are being undertaken to subdue art of this problem. The Club of Paris considers the economic reforms and policies of the pres ent government under the leadership of President Olu gun ? basanj? is being considered strong and formidable.With a positive outlook, it must be important to note that the prevailing advantageous situation real in the Federal Government of Nigeria is in sum conducive and serves as a credible prospect to embed a boutique and a manufacturing plant. The existing labor laws of the country are favorable to the type of employment that the plant will need in its operations. The improving educational level of attainment and literacy prise of the prospective employees will be a key factor in streamlining plant and factory operations.The countries demographics being the largest population in West Africa and social conditions as mentioned on previous case finding points out considerably fair in attaining production growth in terms of sales and distribution of primary clothing line. Government reform policies in its economy and foreign policies will trigger our companys goal to expand and ex port high quality products produced in the Nigerian based manufacturing plant. Last but not the least, the high fashion sense of Nigerians in terms of garments, in diverse influence and style will be a vast market for our products.The presence of a moving industry like Hollywood will serve as a high level market trend setter that would provide consistent promotion of our clothing line. In summation, Nigeria will not only serve as a true(p) place to establish a manufacturing plant but will also provide the company s a vast market to distribute our products. A country situated in central South America with the present Unity Government headed by President Evo Morales of the Movement Towards Socialism (MTS) Party. The country is highly dominated by indigenous people of Bolivia comprising almost 65% of its population.Bolivia experienced several military government takeovers in the past 5 decades. In terms of Economy, Bolivia is one of the least developed countries in South America and r emains to be the poorest among its neighboring nations. Around 65% of the countries population are considered agriculturally dependent and still lives in poverty. The social condition of Bolivia hinders its opportunity to grow as nation. With a large number of grievances coming from the majority of Bolivian indigenous people, ranging from issues like poverty, labor disputes, political issues among other things.Bolivia is still experiencing traditional division of classes of which the working class remains to be in destitute. Political instability has been also a great factor in the slugging economy of the country. The presence of several political parties with contradicting policies and principles thwarts the countries emancipation from political turmoil. Disputes between labor and the state deepened under military rule. Bolivia was a country torn apart by regional, ethnic, class, economic, and political divisions.In terms of education, the present negative standing of Bolivian Gove rnment delays the development of general education in the country. Data from US Country Studies on Bolivia detects Dropout rates also remained extremely high. Only one-third of first graders completed the fifth grade, 20 percent started secondary school, 5 percent began their postsecondary studies, and just 1 percent received a university degree. Dropout rates were higher among girls and rural children. Only about 40 percent of rural youngsters continued their education beyond the third grade.Since poverty is the primary problem of the country, the overall spending of an average family relatively allotted to basic necessities such as food and shelter. Overall the obstructing difficulties surrounding Bolivias national predicament and dilemma have made our conclusion that the country is the least among the three case study countries to establish a manufacturing plant and boutique. A country founded in the midst of racial difficulties, diversified religion and relatively unstable polit ical system.Having a similar clan system as India, its mother nation, social divisions have had a direct and weighty impact on politics. These obstacles have produced several civil wars and created dent on the national standing of Sri Lanka for the past decades. Ethnic rivalries also add unstable issues among political parties. Unsound political situation and issues regarding security have been a part of the struggle of the economic standing of Sri Lanka. Violence has continued to dominate its criminal and justice system.Enforcement of labor laws and policies are still being considered by analyst as inconsistent. Labor unions are highly politicized with a variety of organizations representing different political parties. With regards to factory and manufacturing operations, certain holidays, cultural and practices such as the working time systema skeletale of women deter and delays production. Education, however, have been a primary concern of the government. In the modern educati onal system of Sri Lanka, within the last four decades the rate of literacy went up to 46%, the number of schools increased by 50%.Teachers place second as part of the government workforces next to the plantation workers. With some positive notes on the standing of Sri Lanka, still the matter of security risk and political and social class instability contributes highly to the reason why our team rejected the country as a prospective location to set up and establish future manufacturing plant and boutique for our new clothing line. If such conditions and issues would be addressed in the near future, Sri Lanka might be considered and be included in future studies.

Carroway Clothing Essay

Re Current be issues, employment benefits and financing options. Thank you for the opportunity to address the current accounting issues, employment benefits and financing options facing Carroway Clothing Limited (CCL)1. SR& ED and Development costs treatmentIn reviewing the pecuniary statements it appears that the development costs and SR&ED treatment may non have been recorded appropriately. The SR&ED are revenue enhancement credits to be used towards taxable income and should non have been recorded as government grants. Since CCL may not have chooseed them in the initial socio-economic classs, it eject use SR&ED tax credits against taxable income in the incoming. It is necessary to identify all SR$ERD activities for proper recording practices so that the credits obtaind by the SR&ED depose be used against future income.The $975,000 development costs washbowl be expensed or capitalized depending on if the following criteria are metThe project is technically feasibleCCL i ntends of wind up the projectCCL has the ability to use or sell the productThere is probability of future economic benefit entrust be generated Availability of nice technical and financial recoursesCCL has the ability to measure reliably the expenditures attribute to it.Since the Walton Work Wear line is in the production stage, its accumulated development costs should be capitalized. The Carroway Cool Top has not started it commercial production which would allow the development costs not to be amortized yet. Also interest costs on loans to generate financing for the R&D activates of a product can be capitalized rather than expensed. The capitalization of interest would allow CCL to reduce taxable income in the future when it is more profitable.I would recommend that CCL make the above changes immediately so that the financail statements are not incorrect. These changes would help CCL reduce its future taxable income when it may be more profitable.2. Allowance for Doubtful Accou nts.CCL currently has no allowance for bad debts. Even though CCL does not have issue with uncollectible, having an allowance account go out provide CCL with the ability to write off debts such as the disputed shipment. Without being able to write off the shipment, leave alone leave the Accounts Receivables overstated, which in phone number leads to misstated financial statements. Having an AFDA would allow CCL to record the sale but also recognise that they do not expect payment from the client. Leaving this account on the accounts receivable would be misleading to CCLs stakeholders as it would lead them to believe that CCL is expecting to receive the cash in the near future. IF in the future, the dispute is resolved and the payment is received, CCL can recover the bad debt at that time.I would recommend that CCL create a policy regarding Accounts Receivables immediately. The method for de vergeining the bad debt amount should be determined by CCL management. Methods such a perc entage of sales or a percentage of Account Receivables can be used. Whichever method is chosen, it should be consistent from year to year and the amount should be reasonable.3. Long Term Debt or Initial Public offering.CCL is currently looking at an initial public offering (IPO) and long term debt as two options to help finance the new research and development (R&D) of new products. The bank loan can provided financial stability but will have the interest repaid over a longer time is higher and would be tax deductible. Banks may make financial statements that are audited. CCL will need to be able to prove that it can repay the loan as well as the interest. It may also be required to maintain a debt to equity ratio that may prevent it from taking advantage of other opportunities in the future.An IPO offering has the potential to increase capital which would improve financial rations such as the debt to equity. The increased cash flow will help CCL pay it current payables and reduce debt by negotiating better interest rates in the future. The disadvantage to an IPO would be the potential to lose control over the company and having to be more accountable to other investors. The IPO would also require the financial statement and note revealing to conform to more stringent requirements, which increase the cost of producing the financial statements. Financial statements will need to follow IFRS and securities regulators largely require 3 years of annual audited financials. It should also be noted that there is a significant cost to offering an IPO and it can be difficult to evaluate the linage price of the shares.I would recommend that CCL upset the IPO as a viable on to its financing issue as it will be more beneficial in the long term. The change from ASPE to IFRS will be a short term challenge but can be overcome with appropriate professional assistance. I would highly recommend that CCL seek the opinion and assistance of a professional who deals with IPOs.4 . Employee Stock Options.CCL is considering providing employees stock options as a way to reward its employees. As a CCPC, CCL will have no tax consequence for the employees receiving the stock options until they dispose of the shares. The amount taxed as employment income in the year of disposal is the difference between the option price and the FMV of the shares at the time of the option was exercised. The employee may be able to vociferation a deduction from taxable income equal to half this amount if the shares were worth less than the exercise price when the option was issued or the employee hold the shares for at least two years before selling the shares.There are many alternatives to rewarding employees besides cash bonuses and stock options. Options can range from published realization to merchandise such as shirts that the company makes. Time off with pay can also work tomotivate employees for hard work.I would recommend that CCL consider alternatives such as free product s and time off as these will be less costly to provide than the stock options. Doing an employee survey would provide feedback to the rewards that the employees would nurse most.5. Legal issuesCCL is currently facing a pending lawsuit regarding a chemical leak and the non-compliance with environmental regulations. When both of the following conditions are met the amount of the dependant on(p) loss must be accrued. Disclosure will be need if the following conditions are met The likely hood that the verdict will be against CCLA reasonable estimate of the amount o f the lawsuit can be made.The lawsuit may also lead customers and the public to believe that CCL acted negligently. This will reflect poorly on CCL and may lead to decreased sales and a damaged reputationIf there is no accrual, there should be disclosure in the financial notes, stating the nature of the contingency, estimate of the amount or that an estimate cannot be made and exposure to loss in excess of the amount accrue d. If CCL does not disclose, it would be misleading to the financial statement user.I would recommend that CCL consult with their legal advisors immediately to determine the likelihood of a lawsuit and the potential liabilities. Also, CCL should be prepared to address the negative publicity that the lawsuit may create.Should you require further clarification on any matters, please do not oscillate to contact me.

Electric Field

Name ____________________________________Electric sports stadiums Go to http//phet. colorado. edu/simulations/sims. php? sim=Electric_Field_Hockey and click on Run Now. 1. You rub billows in your hair and then hang them like in the picture below. apologize why you think they move apart and what might affect how far apart they get. A balloon becomes banly charged when it is rubbed on a persons hair.This occurs because all the protons and neutrons leave the balloon and draw together to other objects such as the hair. If two balloons both have negative charges then both balloons impart repel separately other because same charges repel while opposites attract. 2. Test your ideas using Electric Field Hockey in the Practice mode. Make a table to record your observations about what affects the direction and festinate up of the puck. Your table should demonstrate that you have run controlled tests with all the variables. Charges introduced Effects on positive charge mutual exclusive ness prescribed Repel Negative Attract Charges introduced Effects on positive charge speed Positive Close to charge=Increasing repulsion speed Far from charge= decreasing repulsion speed Negative Close to charge=Increasing regard speed Far from charge= decreasing attraction speed 3. Reflect on your ideas from question 1 and your data from question 2. How do your observations support, dispute or add to your ideas about what affects how charged bodies interact? The data collected helps support my claims that like charges repel severally other while opposites attract. In the case of the balloons both balloons are negative there for repelling each other. 4. As you put charges onto the playing area, arrows appear on the puck. What do you think the arrows on the puck are illustrating?The arrows illustrate the movement of the pucks as well as velocity. How do the arrows from the positive charges compare and contrast to the ones from the negative balls? The positive charges seem to repel the puck while the negatives attract. Investigate how you can use the arrows to predict the inquiry of the puck. 5. Write an explanation of how you can predict the motion of a charged hockey puck that is locomote by other charged pucks. Explain using examples and drawings that include How to use free body diagrams and vector addition. How negative and positive charges compare and contrast.

Case Analysis of Andrea Yates

Nathan Merrill XXJUN2012 PS208 Case Analysis of Andrea Yates After close review and calculated analysis of the deterrent example of Andrea Yates and the mess which led to the drowning last and murder of her five children, I early would want to state my personal opinion on the end of the graphic symbol which was the majority consensus at the time of her endeavor and sentencing.She was guilty of a horrible murder and although certainly had mental problems, which is appargonnt by her actions that most on the whole rational thinking human being and mother would be incapable of committing, and expertly used an dementia plea to lessen the sanctions that should have and inevitably would have been brought upon her. The major dilemma in this entire case was not based upon whether Andrea Yates had or had not committed the crime of murder five times oer on her own flesh and blood or even if she was mentally sick.The defining line in this case is the interpretation by which we judge i nsanity and the scale by which we way the accuracy if psyche convicted of a crime and pleads insanity was actually aware that the crime they committed was a wrong doing. The interpretations are subject to base line analysis which has changed over time since its inception on how we decide if a person is mentally capable of knowing their actions and thus should be held responsible for those actions to the farthest extent of the law.Basically this case comes down to if Yates k new-fangled her actions were wrong and if she made the conscious decision to murder her children, which in my personal opinion is a resounding yes. I would not argue the fact that Yates is mentally ill but the this cased seemed to turn out around the fact of if she comes up with a good enough reason to commit such a horrible crime then it can appear that she honestly thought by her actions she was protecting her children. The circumstances based on religion become confusing but could also be the result of a mas terfully constructed defense.Granted, a life in a mental founding would be no strait in the park or even enjoyable but far less intrusive than death itself or a life in the general population of penitentiary living. My conclusion is that yes, Yates is sick, but I feel a strong possibility of her sagaciousness the wrongness of her actions to the rest of society but in her opinion acted in the greater good based on religiously psychotic feeling of heaven and hell which was a rigation of making a decision to take her childrens lives while understanding it was wrong and should have been dealt with by a swifter and stronger hand of justice.My opinion aside this is the conclusion and knowledge brought ahead by unbiased research as to the case and analysis of Yates. Only one of a xii mental health experts who testified concluded that the Yates was legally sane when she drowned her five children in the family bathtub. The witness, called by prosecutors, was Park Dietz, a forensic ps ychiatrist and the prosecutors only mental health expert, Dietz and his recommendation helped convict Yates. The conviction later was overturned. When Yates is retried, practically of the attention again was on Dietz, who is back on the prosecutions witness list.And now, there are questions about Dietzs conclusions in the Yates case because of his testimony in another trial involving a Texas mother who killed two of her children. Questions have added fascinate to a case in which prosecutors initial decision to seek the death penalty ignited a national debate over how mental illness and postpartum depressive disorder are viewed in malefactor courts. The Yates case now has become a symbol of the influence that expert witnesses hold in trials in our country each day, and a test of how psychiatrists opinions are used in court.The standards judges use in deciding whether to admit psychiatric opinions in court are less precise than those used to digest testimony about scientific evid ence that is more obviously measurable, such as DNA or fingerprints. George Parnham, who was Yates lead attorney, state the defense hopes to raise doubts about Dietzs analysis of Yates. The defense, Parnham said, was to focus on why Dietz found Yates to be sane and therefore legally responsible for her actions and also why he came to the opposite conclusion in 2004 in a similar case involving Deanna Laney, a Texas mother who killed two of her sons.Kaylynn Williford, who was a Harris County prosecutor, said Dietzs analysis in other cases is not relevant to the Yates case. She says she will ask the judge to limit Dietzs testimony to his analysis of Yates. If convicted, Yates was facing life in prison, but not execution. That issue was settled at her first trial, when the jury spurned execution. Texas law defines insanity as the inability to know right from wrong. At Yates trial, Dietz testified that Yates knew that drowning her children was wrong. Jurors concur with Dietzs opinion a nd rejected her insanity defense.A key difference in the Yates case from other similar cases was that she didnt state that she attacked her sons at Gods direction. Yates had told Dietz that she had drowned her children Noah, 7 John, 5 Paul, 3 Luke, 2 and Mary, 6 months at the direction of Satan, check to the trial transcript. She also told Dietz she thought it was wrong. Although Yates readily confessed to what she had done, and the crimes were committed in less than an hour, what led up to her cleaning her children had been building for almost two years she had said.Odd family dynamics, fundamentalist religious beliefs, clinical headache that was fragmented at best, and the quirks and inadequacies of the American medical-insurance system all had some role in the Yates family tragedy. The case also highlighted the lack of realization of the potentially deadly consequences of postnatal disorders, and the limitations of the justice system in dealing with individuals who are ment ally ill. Andrea Yates began to press out signs of mental illness shortly after the birth of her first child, when she had a hallucination that involved a stabbing.After the birth of her fourth child, she attempted suicide by taking an overdose of sedatives. She was taken to hospital, but was in conclusion discharged before her symptoms were resolved because her insurance company limited the number of days of inpatient care it would pay for. She was prescribed antidepressants, but did not take them. In a second suicide attempt, she held a knife against her throat and began to mutilate herself and heard voices that told her to get a knife.When she became near catatonic, doctors suggested electroconvulsive therapy, but the family rejected this option. Finally, she received a drug cocktail containing an antipsychotic agent. The medication was apparently effective, but Andrea believed she had been given truth serum, which caused her to lose control of herself. Despite a psychiatrists warning that having another child would more than likely turn on another psychotic chronological sequence, the Yates had a fifth child.The implication was that Andrea had got the idea for her actions from the television program. However, no such episode had ever aired. This was the false testimony, a mistake Dietz acknowledged, on which the case was eventually overturned and a new trial granted. Rusty Yates, Andreas husband, divorced his wife and remarried. Andreas commitment to a state mental institution is subject to court supervision and is reviewed periodically but chances are she will remain in a mental hospital for the rest of her life.Several professional communities have used Andreas case to try to prevent a similar tragedy from occurring. The Mental Health Association of Greater Houston established the Yates Children Memorial Fund to take the public about issues affecting womens mental health after birth and the effect of post pardum depression and disorders. In 2003, th e Texas state legislature passed the Andrea Yates Bill. The bill requires all providers of prenatal care to give new mothers information about resources available to help them with postnatal depression.

Manifest Destiny Essay

Manifest deal was a term created in 1845 by John L. OSullivan in a magazine article. It states that the States was destined by God to move west and spread the Country from coast to coast. However, Manifest part affected Native Americans lives in many ways it move their home, smorgasbordd their way of disembodied spirit, and hurt their purification. Native Americans were strained onto Reservations on the West-Side of the Mississippi River. A long time ago this land belonged to our fathers but when I go up to the river I see camps of soldiers here on its bank.These soldiers cut down my timber they kill my cow and when I see that, my heart feels alike(p) bursting I feel sorry. (Santana, Chief of the Kiowas, 1867) This was a drastic change to the Native Americans because they were used to living in the environment prior to having other people move in. On the reservation, they were not capable to hunt buffalo or able to roam around as they did before. at a time that they lived o n the reservation they also lost their spiritual ties to the land.Look moremanifest consequences essayAnd when they were moved on to the Reservations, their whole life changed. The way the Native Americans used to live also changed when they were moved, they had to completely blend life over and try to rebuild their nation. In 1889, only 1,091 buffalos were left in North America. The fast decrease in buffalo started in the 1870s, and it was because of white hunters who moved west, railroads being built, and the introduction of European broth diseases. Buffalo population graph from National Geographic, November 1994) This was a big change for Plains Indians, who used buffalos for many products and food, because in that location wasnt enough Buffalo for them to hunt. Also with the decrease of buffalo the Indians had to change what they used to survive. And when their lives changed, it hurt their civilization. Their culture also was hurt drastically because they had to be able to modernize and forget their old way of life to adapt to their new home and environment.The Indians here I find are not very contradictory white people. (Document B) The Indians were willing to work for what they have, and also learned trades to help them to do business with the whites. They tended to be able to learn trades easily, which caused a rapid advancement in mechanism. This in return began to modernize them, which started to corrode their culture and their language. Also their new environment affected their culture because they had to change things they did when performing rituals.The Native Americans homes were moved, their life was changed, and their culture was hurt by Manifest Destiny which swept through America in the 1800s. All of these were simply a few key points where Manifest Destiny affected Native Americans negatively. Today, Indians are still like this they are still on the Reservations they were given back in the 1800s, which means their land that was once th eirs was never returned to them their living in poverty because they grew up with the bare minimum and their culture is fading, since they speak english to run into in with the rest of the United States.

Prisoner rights Essay

Pris angiotensin-converting enzymer refines deals on the dogma of prison ho employmenters world deprived their liberty when they should be entitled to basic redden outs. People who advocate for captives mightilys say that prisoners atomic number 18 deprived basic mightys with cooperation of prison authorities. Prison authorities has problem turning blind eye to prisoners who argon raped and assaulted whither they fail in offering protection and allowing them to be assaulted and raped by their fellow inmates. Prisoners be non given sufficient medical examination c atomic number 18 in case of medical conditions that ar serious, they languish in prisons without anyone to take cargon of them and some end up loosing their broods.When prisoners raise complaints about bad conditions, they are punish and are non given room to air their views. These influence prisoners to suffer and they are not taken care of if they are in problems that need attention. Prisoners do not ca st off freedom to express themselves, communicate to each other and to read materials that fire enlighten them. This is depriving prisoners of their rights because, they are normal human existences and even though they have been imprisoned for doing wrong their rights need to be respected.Prisoners do not have the right to sue their officials. This right has been taken away from them which make them to be mistreated by the official. They do not also sue the government for maltreatment and in case of injuries that result from prison authorities being negligent, they are not compensated. Inmates are deprived of their freedom of religion where they do not worship room the churches where they belong to. Prisoners do not have access to legal materials and do not have the right to access the tourist court of justices.Prisoners are not fed well and their cloths are not in high-priced conditions. (Palmer, 1984). Prisoners have right to good time credit and privileges. These privileges can be forfeited only if the prisoner is caught with serious misconduct where prisoner looses minimum procedures that are appropriate depending on the circumstances under which he has misconduct. If the prisoner practises well while in prison, he enjoys the privileges of living a normal and comfortable life until his name in prison is over.The interests of prisoners are balanced with the prison valid interest in maintaining order, shelter and preventing guards from being retaliated by the prisoners and lowering tension in prisons. Some prisoners may be drug addicts who interfere with security in prisons. These prisoners should be handled with care so that may not cause tension in prison or harass the guards. Their behavior should be monitored every now and then and there is need to separate them from the ones that do not cause chaos, this would be very essential to both the inmates and officials.Prisoner has right to culture analysis of regulations and statutes that are applic able before there can be transfer of prisoner from one prison to another and the harm that has been suffered by the transferee should be put into consideration. Before a prisoner is transferred, his records should be analyzed so that they can be presented to the prison where he is transferred to so that he can continue serving for the remaining term until his release from prison. If he suffers any harm in the blood line of transfer, he should be compensated accordingly. Davis, 1989).Prisoners with psychological problems are supposed to be transferred to mental institution here their health condition is checked and they get the demand treatment until their health condition comes back to normal. Prisoners without mental problems have the right to be separated from those with mental problems so that they may not be attacked or harmed by the ones with mental problems. This allows normal prisoners to feel secure while serving their sentence because they should not be exposed to any da nger.Due process which is minimal requires process of abrogation, parolee arrest and formal revocation. there are rights of parolee where following his arrest there is informal hearing that determines reasonable grounds for the revocation of parole. Preliminary hearings are done in a reasonable manner to determine whether the parole should be arrested and there should be adequate sources of evidence which should be heard by someone who is not instanter involved in the case.The parole should be given notice on the day when his case entrust be heard so that he can make the necessary preparations depending on the alleged violations in order to stand on his own behalf and give evidence. He should be given chance to psychoanalyze the people who give adverse evidence that are against him unless it is needed not to reveal. Once the hearing is digested by the hearing officer, his conclusion should be based on adduced evidence at the hearing. Prisoners who have physical, sensory or men tal disabilities have right to equal participation in the life of prison.They should not be refused to live like other prisoners even if they have disabilities because disability is not inability. Every prisoner has the right of not being bulled, abused or intimidated at any given time. Even if a prisoner has committed crime, the right legal procedure should be followed to make image but it is against the prisoner right to abuse them when they are imprisoned. The legal rights of prisoners include, rights to be visited by solicitor and have correspondence, right to begin court proceedings in person or by use of solicitor and present their case in court.Board for monitoring or a governor must avail themselves everyday to listen to complaints and requests of prisoners and react to them in writing within a period of seven days. The prisoner should not explain why they are complaining but should only say the reason why it is a secret. This will make the prisoners be satisfied with the last(a) judgment because, it shall have followed the right procedure until a fair decision is made. (Hall, 1971). Prisoners have the right to have newspapers, books, leaflets and discipline for all pagan groups that are in prison that reflects their culture.This admirers them to be informed about the day today activities and advancements in the country as they read the daily newspapers because even if they are in prison, they still belong to the country and knowledge of current affairs is very definitive to them. Books and other reading material help them to know the shared beliefs and values of the tribes where they belong and how to follow the good conduct and behavior expected of them by the communities where they originated before they were taken to prison. Prisoners have the right to prison medical service. When they fall ill, they need not consult their own doctor or dentist.These doctors provided in prison are experienced in their duties and they offer good quality treat ment to prisoners after diagnosing the problem and administering the necessary treatment. Once the prisoners are treated, they have right to be given copies of their medical records so that they can use them for future reference if they required similar medical care. (Cooper, 2002). Prisoners have the right to have sometime compensate aside for exercise. The prison allows one hour each day for exercise and there are facilities for sale to be used for exercise although they are overcrowded most of the times.Evening classes are provided where prisoners who have attained inform age have fifteen hours of vocational training or for education and there are teachers gettable to teach them. Many prisoners develop a career while in prison that is very utile to them when they go out. This is because they are given training in areas where they are best talented and gain skills necessary to earn a living by either being employed or to begin egotism employment. Once convicted prisoners arr ive in prison, they have the right to be visited immediately and thereafter, one visit after two weeks.Unconvicted prisoners can be visited on daily basis if the prison is able to facilitate this. ii letters can be sent every week by convicted prisoners where one of them is paid for by the prison and the other one they pay themselves. This serves as a good means of communication among prisoners and members of their families because they keep updating them on the progress in prison and to request for assistance needed. Prisoners have right to legislative reforms to prevent the deaths of Hepatitis C and HIV infected prisoners who are under healthcare providers in prison.Prisoners who are HIV positive are given the necessary medicines all the time to increase their chances of survival and Hepatitis C patients are treated. In 1980s, rising populations in prisons strained the budget of state and there was rise in budget of health care in prisons at fast rate. Budget of health care was stretched by prison officials. Different protocols were employed for treating prisoners who were infected and analyzing variation in protocols of treatment was difficult. (Armstrong, 1935). Prisoners have the right to splice and have families.Even if a person has committed crime, arrested and found guilty, he has the right to maintain his brotherhood and family even while he is in prison. He can not be denied a family because he has the right to have it at his own wish and take care of his children through providing for their daily stops the moment his term in prison is over. If the family breaks because some one has been imprisoned, it should not be the duty of court in that matter because, the family of the prisoner is separate from the case in hand.Prisoners have the right to be condition once they are found guilty of an offence. This discipline helps to mould the character and to teach the prisoner how to behave in manner that is acceptable by the law. The term a prisoner se rves in prison should help to change his behavior for the better and teach him how to observe good virtues. If punishment is required to be administered to the prisoners, it should be done in the right manner and the prisoner should be told why he is being punished depending on the crime committed. Prisoners have the right not to be tortured.If a prisoner fails to give the information regarding the crime committed, torture should not be used to force him to disclose information that would act as evidence to the crime he committed. This is because, if he is tortured, he can give information which may not help in investigation in order to avoid any more torture. The prisoner should be allowed to provide evidence at his own free will and it is upon the approximate to make the final judgment depending on the evidence provided. Prisoners have the right not to be discriminated according to the race or the ethnic group where they belong.In making judgment, there should be no favor or disc rimination. This means that, rules and regulations should be in place so that there is fair judgment to all prisoners. Prisoners have the right not to be executed if they are found not guilty of any offence. If the prisoner is found not guilty after providing evidence before the court, he should be set free. There should not be payment of bribe for the prisoner who is found guilty to be proved not guilty. If a judge is found receiving bribes from guilty prisoners, he should face the law because bribery is prohibited in making the final judgment of a crime. (Washington, 1990).